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如何识别信托产品的风控措施是否给力?-进元财富
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如何识别信托产品的风控措施是否给力?
时间:2020-06-04

看到琳琅满目的信托项目时,您都如何进行分析?现在为您呈现信托项目风险控制分析的具体方法。日后再拿到信托项目推介书,找到感兴趣的项目类型,再对号入座进行解读就大功告成!

政信类项目分析思路

看融资方所在政府的行政级别:

通常一个项目融资方所在的地方政府,行政级别越高(在中国政府的特殊制度下,行政级别具有重要的作用),能够调动的政治资源越多,还款能力越强。一般情况下:省级(直辖市)>副省级>地区(地级市)>区县级。同时东部地区比西部地区政治资源丰富,一线城市的政治资源比二线城市政治资源丰富。

看地方政府的财政实力:

一般来说,财政实力包括GDP”和“财政收入”,相比于分析“GDP”(一般最好在400亿级别),分析地方“财政收入”更加更加实用。如果政府的财政收入在达到100亿或者更高(地方财政收入结构不要过度依赖于卖地或者某些收出口影响较大的行业(全球经济下滑和贸易战容易造成财政收入大幅度下滑)),如果单个信托项目的规模不超过财政收入的1/20,这样的信托项目还款还是比较靠谱的。

看政府负债规模:

一般来说,中国很多地方政府负债比列差不多,但是还是有极少数地方政府负债比列过高以及还款能力不足(如内地某个地方政府前领导大刀阔斧的搞政绩,造成地方负债远高于其它兄弟平台,留个烂摊子给继任领导)。其实在分析政府以及地方融资平台负债结构,还需要像分析企业负债一样分析政府还款压力期限。如中长期负债(通过发债平台负债)一般不影响信托项目的到期兑付。

看融资平台以及担保平台公司资质:

政府平台分两个主要类型,一个是平台公司现金流能够覆盖流动性负债(自己已经能够产生稳定的现金流,不再完全依赖政府拨款)独立平台公司,另一种是现金流无法覆盖流动性负债的公司。显然前者更加适合做融资平台。同时再考虑融资平台资质时候,如果融资平台有债券主体评级AA及其以上资质(能够通过发债来筹集资金),这样的融资平台比一般的融资平台好很多。

抵押及其担保:

政府平台融资,抵押物一般两种,“土地抵押”或者“应收账款质押”。先说“土地抵押”,政府项目拿出来抵押的土地绝大部分“一元钱土地”或者“政府划拨土地”,这些土地都是没有缴纳国税的,抵押率一般就是个大问题,另外要是真的出了风险,不管是信托公司来拍卖土地还是地产开发商来购买土地,都是个摊手山芋 (去拍卖某个政府的抵押物很难执行,也基本上没有公司敢买)。再说“应收账款”,说白了就是政府欠平台公司钱,这个就是政府内部一笔账,还款还是看政府财政实力。所以说抵押物这个东西,是便于销售,实际意义不大。最后如果有实力不错的担保公司(如有债券主体AA评级)还是不错的,一般的担保公司,意义不大。

房地产类项目分析思路

融资主体的实力,对于信托产品,我们首先还是需要关注融资主体的实力,不仅是看融资主体的规模,还需要看融资主体的资本结构、公司治理等综合情况。

资金的使用方向:投资于保障房的项目一般比单独投资于商品房项目安全,投资于已经开工或者待完工项目比投资于还没动工的项目安全!这里我们需要谨防“马甲信托”,资金使用情况不明确,造成不可预期的风险。

增信措施:信托项目是否采用了足够的增信手段值得关注,增信措施是“真增信”还是“伪增信”,需要谨慎分析。

工商企业类项目分析思路

除了参考信托公司本身的实力和资质外,还需要从多个角度分析:

融资方的资质,资产负债以及营业收入情况,尤其是现金流状况;融资方所在的行业是否面临系统性风险或者政策风险;产品风控措施是否到位,抵押质押物是否足值、是否有担保等。

对于投资者来说,无论我们作出任何投资决定,在投资之前,应该对自身的情况作出综合的评估,对于各种投资产品的“风险、收益、流动性”要有清醒的认识。进元财富提醒切记不要抱着赌博心态进行投资,同时借用投资界一句圣经“不要将鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,合理的分散投资,实现资产配置才是财富长期增值的关键”。对于新型的信托产品,一般投资者尽量少接触,避免不必要的风险。对于具有一定实力的投资者来说,可以采用资产配置的理论,适当配置新型的信托产品。


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