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瑞幸咖啡深陷危局 背后的两只家族信托安全吗?
时间:2020-05-28

仅仅上市一年,就被美国纳斯达克强制摘牌,以至于瑞幸咖啡董事长陆正耀发布声明称,对此个人深感失望和遗憾。

此前的4月2日,瑞幸咖啡公告,称自查发现公司首席运营官刘剑财务造假,牵涉约22亿元交易额,公司董事会成立特别委员会,进行内部调查。此外,美国多家律所对其发起集体诉讼,控告瑞幸咖啡作出虚假和误导性陈述,违反美国证券法。

  比起退市,令瑞幸咖啡更窘迫的问题或许还在后面:可能面临巨额索赔,流动性危机或许爆发……当然,也有人关注到,瑞幸咖啡背后两只家族信托是否会受此次风波牵连。

  根据瑞幸咖啡上市注册文件,陆正耀家族最终通过陆氏家族信托实益持有上市公司30.53%的股份,创始人及CEO钱治亚最终通过实益持有19.59%的股份。

  陆氏信托(Lu Family Trust) 根据瑞幸咖啡招股说明书(2019年5月6日版),陆正耀(Charles Zhengyao LU)为第一大股东,最终通过陆氏家族信托公司拥有公司30.39%的股份,该陆氏家族信托根据开曼群岛法律设立、由TMF (开曼)有限公司担任受托人,陆先生的配偶郭女士(Lichun GUO)是信托的委托人,郭女士及其家人是信托的受益人。

  钱氏信托(Qian Family Trust)公司第二大股东Summer Fame Limited是注册在英属维尔京群岛的公司,最终由钱氏家族信托控制,钱氏家族信托的委托人为钱治亚(Jenny Zhiya QIAN),系根据开曼群岛法律设立、由TMF(开曼)有限公司担任受托人,钱女士和家人是信托的受益人。

  随着国内家庭财富的迅速增加,企业传承和财富传承需求明显上升,家族信托近年来逐渐火热。具体来看,家族信托主要有财产保全功能、子女婚姻避险功能、财产管理能力、复杂的财富传承和规避遗产税等多项功能与优势。

  所谓的财产保全功能,是指如果企业家破产,被追偿债务,家族信托资产是不能被追偿的。因为家族信托财产已经实现了财产隔离,委托人的任何变故,均不能影响信托财产的存在。

  那么,这是否意味着,在瑞幸咖啡这场风波之中,两只家族信托计划可以“独善其身”呢?

  其实不然。

  根据我国《信托法》第十一条,有下列情形之一的,信托无效:

  (一)信托目的违反法律、行政法规或者损害社会公共利益;

  (二)信托财产不能确定;

  (三)委托人以非法财产或者本法规定不得设立信托的财产设立信托;

  尽管瑞幸咖啡背后的家族信托计划是根据开曼群岛法律设立,也受类似法律条文限制,信托不是法外之地。

  进一步来讲,若要保证家族信托“合规且有效”,需要关注多方面因素,诸如信托计划的设立时点、设立时的资产和负债状况、信托计划的管辖法律等等,此外,信托资产的类型很重要,信托资产在哪里也很重要。

  盈科家族信托中心主任兼首席律师李魏也认为,家族信托架构与家族信托财产要分开来看。根据公开信息显示,瑞幸涉嫌造假并引发退市,以及涉及股票质押及对外债务等一系列问题,肯定会对涉及的该部分信托财产的安全与稳定带来影响,甚至会导致这部分财产消灭,但并不当然会影响信托架构的安全,因为家族信托架构下可以持有很多财产,相关问题财产可能只是其中的一部分,只要家族信托架构合法设立,没有其他可被穿透的情形,假使瑞幸最终破产,也不应影响家族信托架构的安全。

  另据彭博报道,瑞信新加坡分行正在寻求法院命令,向瑞幸咖啡创始人兼董事长陆正耀家族信托委派清算人。

(文章来源:信托百老汇)


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