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如何定义“通缩”?信贷资金流向了哪里?
城投债 时间:2023-04-23

       近期,国内和海外预期反复较快,可能是变局+后疫情时代的典型特征。年初还担心国内通胀,现在有声音开始谈国内通缩。当下经济真的滑入“通缩”了吗?后续还有通胀“隐忧”吗?我们在此做几点讨论:


       去年底担忧通胀有两大因素:


       (1)去年M2增速较快,货币可能存在超发;


       (2)疫情后,其他国家都出现了通胀现象,服务行业价格上涨是隐忧。


       海外之所以出现高通胀,源于供给、需求等多方面因素,尤其是直接给居民撒钱带动了需求提升;但我国对居民端需求的刺激力度不可与海外直接类比、劳动力供给的修复速度也比海外更快,目前看来都是通胀的抑制因素。


       1-2月通胀数据低于Wind一致预期已令市场不断下修今年的通胀路径,而3月份通胀数据再次低于预期更是成为“通缩”担忧的触发剂。


       对当前“通缩”担忧的理解


       如何定义“通缩”?传统上是经济下行、货币投放减少、物价出现普遍性的下行。简化来看,综合了CPI和PPI的GDP平减指数可以反映经济整体的价格涨幅,可以作为判断“通缩”的综合指标。我们用3月CPI和PPI同比拟合GDP平减指数,确实已处于单月零值下方,但仅仅是技术层面的。


       不过,我们认为本轮通胀数据并不符合实质上的通缩特征,也不能简单地将“技术性通缩”与当前的经济象限相对应,我们可以从三个角度来理解:


       第一,数据本身来看,本轮“技术性通缩”不是广谱性的。


       一方面,去年高基数的影响不小,去年3月PPI环比1.1%,是相对高位;去年3月CPI环比0%也明显强于季节性,与运输物流瓶颈和油价上涨的高基数有关,去年交通和通信、其他用品服务、生活用品服务等项目涨幅均高于往年季节性,形成高基数。


       另一方面,拖累主要在于食品项、交通和通信(主要是汽车和燃料);相反服务价格并不算弱,3月服务CPI环比0.1%,高于12、14、17年(春节在1月)的3月环比均值0%。


       如果剔除食品项,3月非食品CPI环比为0%,略低于12、14、17年(春节在1月)的3月环比均值0.12%;如果剔除食品项、交通工具和交通工具用燃料,3月环比为0.1%,与12、14、17年(春节在1月的)3月均值0.1%基本一致;如果再进一步剔除近几个月持续拖累的住宅项,其他核心项目的涨幅可能还略强于季节性,因此CPI有“通缩”的部分,但也有亮点;PPI也是一样,金属(1.1%)、有色(0.7%)均环比上涨。


       第二,原因来看,“技术性通缩”的部分原因是外生的,与经济象限的对应关系不强,尚不构成实质性的通缩压力。


       一是,食品项中,猪肉拖累最大,但其主要基于自身猪周期逻辑,且近年来猪周期与经济周期的敏感性降低,对政策的影响也趋于弱化;而蔬菜拖累与天气有关,主要是暂时性因素。


       二是,交通项中,油价的波动主要是国际定价和输入性的,而汽车降价虽与需求有关,但也与国六清库存相关的政策影响有关。


       三是,出行链、地产销售的恢复对于其他商品消费可能会有挤压,具有一定迷惑性。因此,前述三者原因大部分仍是外生和被动的,与经济象限的对应关系不强。 


       更值得关注的点其实在于,通胀数据确实也在反映经济修复的内生动能仍有待夯实,这点可能是市场通缩担忧的主因。


       更具体地来说,“通缩”现实之下映射出实体的两点困境:一方面,居民端呈现出“资产负债表衰退”的现象,企业端真实融资需求不足、资金存空转之嫌;另一方面,逆全球化背景下,作为生产国,中国存在缩的压力。这两点导致有效内需不足、外需放缓,尤其在有了日本“逝去三十年”的资产负债表衰退与通缩压力、美国08年金融危机后的低通胀等“前车之鉴”之后,是否真的需要担忧“通缩”? 


       我们认为,我国当前的现象与发达经济体的通缩困局存在本质性的差异。日本和美国通缩的根本原因在于背后的抵押品价值出现问题,资产价值大幅缩水,然后通过金融加速器机制形成抛售和资产价格下跌的恶性循环,居民和企业资产负债表受损+银行坏账,实体部门被动性地减少消费和投资以修复资产负债表,是一种被动性和破坏性的去杠杆。  


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