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金交所发行的私募债/定融,和信托有什区别?-进元财富
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金交所发行的私募债/定融,和信托有什区别?
定融资金知识 时间:2019-09-30

信托投资门槛高,收益低,期限长;而与之对比的政府债/私募债/定向融资计划则投资门槛低,收益高,期限短。政府债顾名思义是借给地方政府的钱,那是不是政府债/定融更有投资价值呢?

 

  在平时的工作中,进元财富也发现不少销售方用【信托同款】来宣传自己销售的政府债/定融,比信托早到期,比信托更安全,收益更高,门槛更低,那是不是买这类政府债/定融更划算呢?

 

进元财富今天就来和投资者探讨下,【信托同款】的【政府债/定融】,和信托的区别究竟在哪里?

 

1、产品性质不同

先厘清几个基本的概念。定向融资工具指的是在银行间债券市场以非公开定向发行方式发行的债务融资工具。而私募债是指以中小微型企业在中国境内以非公开方式发行和转让,预定在一定期限还本付息的一种公司债券。当定融或私募债的融资主体为地方政府控股的国有投资平台或大型国企时,市场就把该类产品称为政府债。

 

而信托产品则是指信托公司面向合格投资者和机构发行、管理的一类金融投资产品。信托按可分为主动型/通道型、单一型/集合型信托产品;按照资金投向不同,也可分为债权类、权益类、融资租赁类、慈善信托、家族信托等。

 

目前个人投资者主要接触的是债权类的集合资金信托产品。

 

2、交易场所VS管理方

目前大部分政府债都是通过金交所发行。因此,有必要了解下,什么是金交所?

 

根据交易标的的种类,我国有几大类交易场所,分别是证券交易所、大宗商品交易所、期货交易所、黄金交易以及产权交易所、金融资产交易所。金交所是为金融产品提供登记、托管、交易和结算等服务的场所。2010年,为了防止国有金融资产流失,处理国有金融机构产权、不良资产交易问题的金交所应运而生。按照当时设置初衷,金交所主要用于处置省内金融资产。

 

从概念上即可明确,金交所仅仅是一个撮合金融产品与投资者的交易场所,并不是金融机构;这和信托产品中,信托公司担任的【管理人】【金融机构】角色完全不同。概括地说,管理人要负责前期的尽调、项目风控、项目运营跟进、贷后管理等;而交易场所只需要保证流程合规,主要目的是撮合双方交易。

 

从交易流程环节也可以看出二者不同,投资者认购信托产品,需要打款至信托公司在银行开设的对公募集账户,项目成立时信托公司把款项从募集账户统一转账至放款账户并放贷给融资方;资金汇款时也是相反步骤。而【政府债/定融】则是投资者直接打款至融资方对公账户,二者直接形成借贷关系,金交所不承担管理责任。

 

3、监管机构不同

不同级别的监管机构对应的其实是管理方失职的成本,例如信托公司和私募基金公司相比,信托公司由银保监会监管,全国只有68家,牌照价格近百亿;而私募基金公司全国有两万多家,注册制而非审批制;那么信托公司在违规、失职后面临的损失就更大,而且由于数量有限,监管部门也就可能监管得更全面。因此,理论上,信托公司跑路、倒闭的风险几乎没有(详见:信托公司会倒闭/跑路吗?);而私募基金管理人跑路的新闻就比比皆是。

那么,【政府债/定融】中金交所的监管由谁负责呢?

 

首先要理解的一点是,金交所是【交易场所】,而非【金融机构】。因此,对金交所的监管也不在一行三会的范围内。根据《中国金融稳定报告2018》,截至2017年底,全国共有金融资产交易场所70多家。这些金交所一般由省政府批准设立,业务上由地方金融办管理。对金交所业务合规性的监管实际上仍然在探索中,根据央行发布的《中国金融稳定报告2018》,部分金交所实质上已成为游离于有效监管之外的全牌照金融机构,几乎将保险、信贷、黄金外可以产生现金流收益的资产都纳入了交易范围,演化为影子银行。

 

2018121日,证监会打击非法证券期货活动局局长李至斌强调,摸排显示金交所问题依然严重,各省级人民政府要审慎批设新的交易场所,切实推动交易场所按类别有序整合,基本政策是一个省一家金融资产交易所。这意味着接下来可能会有一些金交所面临整改、合并甚至关停的处境。

 

4、违约后维权路径不同

无论是信托,还是定向融资、政府债,都属于非保本型投资,意味着项目理论上都有违约的可能。那么,万一项目违约后,信托产品和定融产品,投资者会面临怎样的解决方案呢?

关于信托产品违约后,如何处理,进元财富之前有过文章总结,详见:

信托到期后不兑付怎么办

信托违约后,如何高效维权

大体来说,信托产品违约后,由信托公司作为管理人与融资方交涉,进行处理抵押物、寻求担保代偿、发起诉讼等行为,为投资者减少损失保全资产。行业数据显示,目前大部分信托在延期数月至半年内能够得到解决。

而定向融资产品/政府债违约后,由于是投资者和融资方直接形成债权关系,金交所对违约不承担管理责任。因此,投资者维权大多是通过销售渠道或者直接通过诉讼等渠道和融资方直接交涉。以进元财富观察,目前实际违约案例中,尚无比较成熟和明确的处理流程。

 

通过上述分析,投资者就可以看到,虽然定融/政府债产品看上去和信托产品结构类似,但实际上产品性质不同,监管方、管理方不同,违约后投资者的维权方式也完全不同。至于二者的【风险/收益比】即投资的【性价比】孰高孰低,就需要投资者个人判断。针对具体项目的风险比较,欢迎联系进元财富专业咨询服务。




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