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关于城投平台的非标融资
时间:2020-05-26

非标资产的全名为“非标准化债权资产”,“未在银行间市场及证券交易所市场交易的债权性资产,包括但不限于信托贷款、委托债权、承兑汇票、信用证、应收账款、各类受(收)益权、带回购条款的股权性融资等”对标准化债券资产定位为应当同时符合以下条件:1、等分化,可交易;2、信息披露充分;3、集中登记,独立托管;4、公允定价,流动性机制完善;5、在银行间市场、证券交易所市场等经国务院同意设立的交易市场交易;并指出,标准化债权类资产之外的债权类资产均为非标准化债权类资产,即不符合上述5个条件的即为非标资产。综上可以看出,能否在监管机构认定的交易场所中进行交易成为了定义非标准化债权资产与标准化债权资产之间的一个共性条件。

2008年,为应对国际金融危机的冲击和稳定经济,我国推出“四万亿”经济刺激政策,地方政府积极拉动铁路、公路及基础设施项目,中国经济不仅没有发生衰退,反而掀起新一轮的经济繁荣,2009~2011年中国GDP增速平均高达9.33%,在“四万亿”刺激后的几年,经济出现一定的过热倾向,资产泡沫显现。为抑制经济过热,2010年监管机构开始进行调控。由于前期政府投资大幅度增加带来银行信贷资产迅速扩张,因此信贷采取总量控制方式开始收紧,地方政府融资平台也成为银监会限制银行贷款重点投向的领域之一,地方政府融资平台不得不转换融资方式。

对于地方政府来说,地方政府对基建项目的成本考虑相对较少,对利率的敏感度相比其他行业相对较低,其目的是为了政绩的提高追求GDP的高速增长,因此极力争取较易获得的融资,避免项目前序投资资金链断裂造成烂尾;于银行而言,非标融资一方面能满足银行在利率市场化进程下追求更高收益的需求,另一方面其形式灵活,可以通过同业资产、券商、基金子公司等资管的通道方式将非标资产表外化,收益表内化,甚至可以少计提或者无需计提资本,从而达到规避信贷规模和投向的管制、降低资本消耗和拨备的监管压力等目的。因此,地方政府融资平台和银行两方不谋而合,银行通过各种非标融资方式向地方政府融资平台提供了大量资金,促进了非标融资的蓬勃发展。

非标融资在一定程度上弥补了城投基建融资的缺口,但是城投企业在享受非标融资带来的融资便利的同时也滋生了一定风险。

非标业务在政策规范下转标压力加大。一方面,监管机构加大对违法违规融资担保行为查处和问责力度,禁止用无现金流的公益性资产开展融资租赁业务,融资租赁业务受限;另一方面,伴随着资管新规的落地,禁止非标资产池业务、禁止非标期限错配、禁止两层以上的嵌套,部分以信贷方式多层嵌套的非标融资业务模式被禁止。由于城投自身盈利能力弱,债务周转及投资支出主要依靠外部融资,在非标融资规模趋窄的背景下,城投企业到期非标产品只能依靠银行贷款及标准化产品来接续。但2018年以来,城投进入偿债高峰期,但市场资金面偏紧,转标压力很大,因此也引发2018年多家城投陆续爆出非标融资逾期等负面消息,非标融资逾期后会进一步恶化该区域内的融资环境,引发更为严重的债务危机,因此需要密切关注非标融资占比高的区域。

进元财富为提升服务质量,针对在售产品的详细资料做了深入研究,除地方经济及政府财政状况以外,重点剖析城投平台债务构成与项目运行期间偿债压力,从中择优推荐。降低投资人因所选项目陷入违约泥沼。


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