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城投债投资最大的风险来源有哪些方面
时间:2019-12-03

1.政策风险

财政部已明确201511日以后发的城投债不会纳人政府债务,政府债务的债务主体只有政府和政府相关部门才有举债的能力。这就要求在甄别城投债风险的时候,看是否系2015年之前发行的债券且是否纳人政府债务,最好是能够看到相关纳人政府债务平台的资料,但是对于投资2015年以后发行的城投债,需要投资者仔细权衡。2015年以后尽管政府推出一系列鼓励城投债融资政策,但始终以43号文为政策底线,城投融资走向预算硬约束;这同时要求投资者在风险把控的时候,准确把握城投政策的底线。

2.区域经济和财力风险

一个地区的GDP生产总值和财政收人情况,反映了该地区整体的经济发展实力,也体现着政府对于城投和城投债提供支持的潜力。根据2015年的数据,朝阳市(1.0%)、丹东市(3.1%)、阜新市(10.6%)、铁岭市(14.1%)14个市的GDP出现了负增长。一般预算收人是地方财政收人中相对稳定的指标,税收收人是其中最重要的组成部分,因此一般预算收人的变动直接反映经济的发展情况。2015黑龙江省(10.4%)、山西省(9.80%)、辽宁省(33.4%)出现了较大幅度的负增长。

3.管理风险

城投公司实际控制人的层级决定公司的支持来源于哪个层级,比如省级、市或者县级等,层级越低,财政实力和独立性也会相对低;同时城投公司实际控制人和财政局的关系对公司获得支持的效率有着直接关系,比如43号文之前,有很多城投公司的一把手即为财政局主要负责人,对于城投公司在优质资源的获取提供了很大的便利。另外,需要我们特别关注的一点,目前市场上仍不乏一些为了提高城投公司层级和融资能力,上一级政府或者上级政府的大平台名义上是公司大股东,但实际在资产支持和项目获取等方面并不提供支持,或者表面签订相关协议,但是实际操作并不会给予公司支持。这就需要我们根据公司历年来的资产和资金注人情况、已确认收人回收规模、效率及持续性等方面权衡,还可以通过分析城投公司在当地的竞争性侧面了解城投公司的地位及未来获取支持的可能行。58066ef6d5f7fa406363096e4bd6311.png

4.经营风险

对于城投公司的传统业务基础设施建设和土地整理等业务,城投公司是否和政府签订相关协议,同时协议的约定是否能够保证城投公司垫资的回款并保证一定的盈利水平。分析城投公司近几年的营业收人构成,并结合资产情况判断公司是否存在优质业务的增加(相对应的可能存在优质资产的注人)或者获利能力较好的业务板块被划出。

5.财务风险

城投公司的资产科相对于产业类公司科目金额的集中度较高,城投公司主要集中在存货、投资性房地产、其他非流动资产等科目;其中存货科目主要为政府注入土地,其占比一般在50%以上,甚至达到80%,当然也存在一些城投把政府注入土地放在无形资产科目。如果公司拥有大量的土地资产,则其流动性受当地土地交易市场行情和指标、公司土地抵质押及是否需要补缴土地出让金等因素影响。除土地资产以外,存货科目内仍有一定体量基建和土地整理等业务投人款项,也有少部分城投公司将该类款项放在预付账款科目,断已论该类款项放在哪个科目都需要我们核对科目明细,通过对比审计报告、募集说明书和评级报告等公开资料可能发现些细节问题。

 

尽管每个城投公司的运作模式是不一样的,每个区域在处理政府与城投公司的关系是相异的,但是只要投资者研究透彻城投公司所在区域经济和财力、公司实际控制人、历年政府给予公司的支持、经营模式及财务信息等信息,基本能够把握一个城投债券的可投性。


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