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城投平台三大债券发行渠道对比-进元财富
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城投平台三大债券发行渠道对比
时间:2020-10-20

目前主要的债券发行渠道包括交易商协会债务融资工具、发改委企业债及证监会公司债,其中交易商协会债务融资工具由于发行条件相对宽松,目前存量规模及发行量均最高。

政策稳定方面,交易商协会政策波动较小,发行要求及资金用途相对宽松,城投公司发行量逐年上升。企业债由发改委审核,发行要求较高,且政策波动相对较大,城投公司发行量不高。公司债券对应的发行规则相对稳定,但发行审核窗口指导有所波动,发行量波动较大,尤其是2016年将审核条件收紧至“单50”后,城投公司发行量大幅下降,目前公司债发行条件放松,长期看发行量存上升空间,但受制于资金用途的限制,预计增长空间有限。

1)交易商协会债务融资工具

交易商协会债务融资工具由中国银行间交易商协会负责管理,品种较为丰富,包括短期融资券、超短期融资券、中期票据、永续中期票据等多个品种。自2014年放开省级以下城投债类企业发债条件以来,交易商协会的政策稳定性较高,保持了相对宽松。目前发行人需要满足的硬性条件主要是退出银监会名单,及不能投向公益性项目。资金用途方面,交易商协会债务融资工具的募集资金可以用于补流及偿还借款。资金用途方面,我们梳理了最近一年来发行的债务融资工具,发现目前交易商协会对资金用途的限制并不严格,募集基金用途可以是项目投资、补充流动资金和偿还有息债务(包括债券),且补充流动资金和偿还有息债务的比例不受限制。

2)企业债券

企业债由发改委负责审核,发行的要求相对较高,23号文以前城投公司发行企业债最大的障碍在于募投项目,由于补充流动资金和偿还到期债务的规模均不能超过40%,意味着发行企业债的资金用途中必须包括项目投资,且项目收益能够覆盖本息,否则需增加担保,6号文限制城投公司担保后,发行企业债的要求实际上变为项目收益必须全部覆盖本息,发行难度进一步上升。

2017年下半年起,为配合87号文及23号文,企业债发行有所收紧,其中194号文明确限制了公益性项目不得作为募投项目,叠加企业债发行相对严格的募投项目要求,城投公司发行企业债的难度进一步上升。101号文后,为满足城投公司合理的融资需求,发改委放宽了优质企业发行条件,但放松幅度相对有限,仅将优质企业补充流动资金的比例从40%上调至50%。但是,相对于交易商协会债务融资工具及证监会公司债,企业债的发行仍较高,募集资金用途限制也较大。

3)证监会公司债券

公司债券接受证监会及证券交易所的管理,目前发行公司债需满足20151月发布的《公司债券发行与交易管理办法》,其中明确提出不适用于融资平台公司,因此,在融资平台名单内的企业无法发行公司债。同时,公司债券分公开和非公开两种发行方式,公开发行需满足一系列的财务条件,其中对城投公司影响较大的是:1、累计债券余额不超过净资产的40%2、近三年平均可分配利润足以支付公司债券一年的利息等要求。不满足上述要求的企业只能选择非公开发行。

无论是否公开发行,公司债发行均需要进过证监会核准,审核标准稳定性欠佳,对公司债发行影响较大。20193月,证监会放宽审核条件,对于到期期限在6个月内的债务,以借新还旧为目发行的公司债券,放开“政府收入占比50%”的上限限制,但不能配套补流。本次审核条件放松政策意味非常明显,即鼓励金融机构保证城投公司债务滚动需求,放宽后利用公司债发行进行债务滚动基本与交易商协会债务融资工具发行要求一致。但是,目前城投公司存量公司债占比较低,且交易商协会债务融资工具在补充流动资金等方面仍具有一定优势,预计短期内公司债券发行难有大幅增加。

4)三大债券发行渠道对比

23号文后,三大债券发行渠道监管要求各有不同,其中交易商协会在资金用途及发行主体要求方面最为宽松。证监会公司债近期通过定向放款“单50限制”,城投公司可通过公司债券发行进行到期债务的偿付,但资金用途相较交易商协会债务融资工具仍有所限制。企业债发行要求较为严格,尤其在2017年以后通过项目投向等方面进一步收紧了审批,101号文后也仅通过优质发行人制度定向放款了资金用途等方面的管控,城投公司发行企业债的难度仍较高。此外,还需关注到的是,目前所有的债券发行渠道均限制投向公益性项目,因此,即便是合规的PPP及政府购买项目也难以通过债券发行取得资金。

5)总结

随着新一轮城投平台非标融资监管政策的缩紧,进元财富注意到市场上出现了不少标的为城投债券的信托产品,该类产品固然要比以往信贷类城投信托安全性更高。而城投平台非标融资项目中也不乏优质产品,通过我们建立的风控模型能对城投融资项目进行甄别筛选。


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