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信托公司为什么强调融资方的信用评级?-进元财富
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信托公司为什么强调融资方的信用评级?
信托公司 时间:2020-07-06

常买信托的投资者,对于AA发债主体不会陌生。目前上在售的信托资管项目,大约有一半是发债主体直接/间接融资,或者是发债主体担保作为增信措施之一。具体到信托项目,一般的发债级别为AA级(包括AA+/AA-)。

那么,信托公司为什么强调交易对手的信用评级?AA信用评级有什么优势,评级后是否一定可以发债,发债主体是否会违约呢?进元财富针对投资者关心的这些问题,做了以下整理。

企业信用评级制度-谁在评,有几级?

由于国际和国内信用评级涉及的概念、范围差异较为悬殊,本文仅就国内的企业信用评级制度展开。信用评级是企业债券定价的重要参考指标,显而易见,信用等级越高,意味着企业偿债能力越强,债券安全性越高,利息价格就越低。高信用等级的企业一方面可以以低成本融资,另一方面也更容易在金融机构拿到更多的授信额度。

国内的公司主体长期信用等级划分为9级,分别用 AAAAAABBBBBBCCCCC C 表示,其中,除 AAA 级,CCC 级(含)以下等级外,每一个信用等级可用“+”、“-”符号进行微调,表示略高或略低于本等级。也就是我们常看到AA+或者AA-评级。

企业信用评级一般由中立的第三方评级机构在翔实的调查后给出权威评定报告,下面是三大外商独资评级机构及国内五大信用评级机构:

外商独资评级机构:标准普尔,穆迪和惠誉;

国内有评级资格的评级机构及各地区分支机构:中诚信,大公国际,上海远东资信评估,联合资信,上海新世纪。

当然,投资者深入了解就会知道,我国的信用评级发展的较晚,目前仍然存在着评级虚高、评级公信力在国外较差、评级受银行影响等诸多问题,这里不再展开。

什么样的企业能成为AA发债主体?

信用评级本身并没有门槛,在中国注册登记,并持有中国人民银行颁发的贷款卡的法人企业,均可申请参加借款企业信用评级。

评级标准方面,各家公司的标准各不相同,但一般均从以下两方面评定:

一类是定量指标,这类指标主要来源于会计报表,例如资产负债率、现金流回收情况和充足情况、有息负债情况、盈利能力、资产的流动性及变现能力。

二类是定性指标,评估师会评估行业风险,公司所在行业现状及发展趋势、宏观经济景气周期、国家产业政策、周期性影响以及行业进入门槛、技术更新淘汰速度等。这些指标关系未来企业经营的稳定性、资产质量、盈利能力和现金流等。

当然,在评级的过程中,评级公司也不可避免地会考虑一些基本面的判断。例如企业在当地经济中的作用和地位,当地政府/银行的支持力度等。目前通行的AA级评定标准是:偿还债务的能力很强,受不利经济环境的影响不大,违约风险很低。

信用评级后一定发债吗?

很多信托投资者看中AA评级的一个重要原因是AA级以上的企业具有发债主体资格,能够通过债券的方式借到长期的低利息资金(通常5~10年),而信托产品期限较短,如果信托到期日在债券到期日之前,还款来源就更有保障。

但许多投资者不知道的是,企业得到信用评级后并不一定能够发行债券。在我国,城投债作为地方政府的重要融资平台,发债都必须经过发改委的审核,发债企业数量是有“指标”的。

根据发改委[2015]1327号文件,发债企业数量指标的要求是:在发债募集基金投向符合国家产业政策的条件下,省会城市(计划单列市)所属城投企业,每年发行企业债券不超过4支;地级市所属城投企业每年发行企业债券不超过2支;经济总量较大、综合财力较强的百强县(县级市)所属县域城投企业,每年发行不超过2支企业债券;其他县(县级市)所属县域城投企业,债项级别达到AA+及以上的,每年可发行不超过2支企业债券。不过,随后出的补充文件里,明确了债项级别为AA及以上的发债主体(含县域企业),不受发债企业数量指标的限制。

如何确定一个发债主体目前有无存续债券呢?也比较简单,每个发行过的债券都为唯一的债券编码,只要确认该编码后到交易网站核实即可。一般来说,相对于得到评级而尚未发债的主体,已经发行债券的企业/城投公司信用会更高一些。

AA发债主体会违约吗?

发债主体违约并不是新鲜事。据中诚信国际统计,截至10月底,2017年我国公私募市场共有32只债券发生违约,规模总计120.56亿元。AA/AAA均有违约案例出现。

不过,得益于中国政府良好的金融信用背景,目前我国的城投债尚未发生系统性违约案例。城投公司融资/城投公司担保的信托,资管也迄今尚未发生过系统性违约案例,这也是金融机构青睐城投公司融资项目的重要原因。

买信托时查看融资方担保方的评级可以作为一个指标,当然能达到AA或者以上的评级是最好不过的,不过也要结合当地的财政情况来进行具体分析,进元财富所做的风险评估报告都有具体分析融资方担保方的具体情况,为投资者做出一个好的参考标本,能更好的选择安全性高的产品。


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