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如何安排好家族信托的受益机制?-进元财富
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如何安排好家族信托的受益机制?
时间:2020-02-10

家族信托受益权的法律性质

信托财产的权利主体虽然是受托人,但信托财产的利益主体却是受益人,这是信托制度的基础设计。受益人对信托财产享有受益权,在法律与理论上没有任何争议。问题的关键在于,受益权的法律性质是什么?受益权是物权,还是债权,抑或是兼具物权与债权的独特权利?

有人认为,受益人的受益权是对信托财产的实质所有权,属于物权范畴。但根据我国《信托法》的规定,受益人对信托财产享有的受益权显然不是所有权,这是因为,虽然受益人享有对信托财产的利益,但是受益人并不能直接针对信托财产本身行使受益权,不能直接支配和取得信托财产的利益,受益人只能通过对受托人行使请求权才能实现其受益权。

换言之,受益权是对受托人的一种“对人权”,而非对信托财产的一种“对物权”,因此,受益权本质上是受益人对受托人享有的一种债权,其核心内容就是有权请求受托人支付信托利益。

受益权本质上虽然是一种债权,但又不同于一般的债权,它属于《信托法》规定的一种特殊债权。受益权作为一种债权的特殊性体现为:为确保受益权的债权内容能够充分实现,《信托法》还赋予了受益人对受托人一系列的非债权性质的监控权,如对信托的知情权、依法请求受托人变更信托财产管理方法的权利、申请法院撤销受托人违反信托目的对信托财产的处分权利、依法请求受托人赔偿信托财产损失的权利、依法解任受托人的权利,等等。

受益机制决定受益权的落实

成功的家族信托,需要在信托条款设计时,有明确的受益人受益机制安排,否则,不仅信托本身容易受到挑战,也会给信托的实施带来不便,从而导致信托目的落空。

首先,需要规定明确的信托利益的分配政策。为了永续传承而设立家族信托,是以家族成员失去对家族财富的个别所有权而转换为信托受益权的方式实现的。

所有权意味着对财富的绝对支配,失去所有权本身是对希望任意支配财富的家族成员的一种限制,与一些家族成员的内心愿望相冲突。

信托受益权虽然赋予家族成员相应的信托利益,但与任意支配的所有权不可同日而语,况且信托利益的取得还往往附带各种各样的条件。一个家族中,不能指望所有的家族成员都能理解家族领袖的良苦用心,都能理解有节制的财富对于一个人而言更多时候是对他的保护,更有利于他的健康成长。

因此,成功的家族信托,需要事先规定受益人获取和分配信托利益的政策,明确谁、在什么条件下、获得什么样的信托利益。只有这样,家族成员才能形成明确的利益预期,从而减少家族纷争,也更有利于受托人分配信托利益,减少操作上的不确定性。

其次,需要规定明确的家族企业分红政策。对于追求久远财富的家族来说,最重要的是实现家族企业的永续经营,因此,置入家族信托中的首当其冲就是家族企业的股权。家族企业股权纳入信托后,受托人将成为家族企业股权的直接持有人,家族成员不再持有股权而仅仅成为受益人,其利益保障必然依赖长期稳定的信托分红机制。如果置入信托中的家族企业不分红,信托就缺乏分配信托利益的来源,受益人的信托受益权将徒有虚表,成为无源之水。

对于负责管理家族企业的家族成员而言,很容易为了家族企业的发展或者个人的成就感,作出不分红或者少分红的决策倾向;而对于不负责家族企业管理或者不在家族企业工作的家族成员而言,更希望多分红,以保障其信托利益。两类家族成员的利益冲突均需要在设计信托条款时,通过规定明确的信托分红机制加以解决。

最后,需要规定明确的信托受益权的内部流动机制。一个以久远财富目的而设立的家族信托,短则存续几十年,长则存续上百年,甚至更长时间。

在这期间,时代、观念等各方面均在不断变化中,家族成员或出于自身需要,或出于家族关系疏远,认为继续持有信托受益权已无必要,但许多家族信托并无受益权退出机制,从而频频发生家族成员对家族信托的挑战。

案例

香港新鸿基地产的创始人郭得胜在其生前将郭氏家族持有的新鸿基地产股权装入一个永久性信托,并将其妻子及三个儿子设为信托受益人。同时,郭得胜为防止子女分家析产导致新鸿基地产股权分散,专门在信托条款中强调在任何情况下信托及下属资产均不得解散。

本希望家族兴旺团结而将三兄弟捆绑在一起的他,没想到在郭氏三兄弟反目时,信托的永久加上股权、受益权的无法转让,最终导致郭氏三兄弟长期纠纷,并以均分家产而落幕。

因此,在设立家族信托时,应当尽可能安排信托受益权的内部流通机制,即在家族成员内部建立相应的受益权退出渠道。

设立了家族信托是一回事,能否管理好家族信托是另一回事。在家族财富管理中,没有家族信托是万万不能的,但家族信托不是万能的。现实中,失败的家族信托案例比比皆是。要管理好家族信托,最大限度实现家族久远目标,需要精心设计家族信托的治理结构,平衡好信托受益人、信托受托人、信托保护人以及家族治理体系之间的运行机制,尤其是要设计好受益人的受益机制和信托的管理机制。


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