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地方政府包装城投平台的方式与风险
时间:2020-09-16

为支持城投且规避政策限制,许多地区存在下述城投增厚权益的新模式,具体包括注入砂石资源、返还土地出让金、公益性项目不结转成本、通过交叉持股增加少数股东权益四种方式。

(一)注入砂石资产

近年河道采砂权拍卖出现恶性竞争导致出让成交价虚高,为收回成本、获得高额利润,采砂企业往往会超时、超范围、超量的开采;另一方面,非法采砂严重破坏江河湖泊的生态环境。为了加强河道采砂管理,保护河道生态环境,20171月江西省率先发布《江西省河道采砂管理条例》,明确规定县级以上人民政府可以决定河道砂石资源实行统一经营管理。继江西之后,收回河道开采权、成立国营平台统一开采销售的砂石国有化管理模式已为众多省市接受并进一步推广。

(二)返还土地出让金

城投公司在土地一级市场通过“招、拍、挂”方式购入土地资产并支付土地出让金,土地购置后多计入“存货”或“无形资产”科目,城投在一级市场购地产生现金流出的同时,政府会通过专项款的形式将部分土地出让金返还至企业,计入“专项应付款”或“资本公积”。实际上政府通过此种方式,变相向公司注入土地资产,以做大平台规模。土地资产实际上变成城投公司的“融资用地”,用于抵押借款。在调研中发现,城投公司在土地一级市场上购得的土地或分为生地和熟地两种类型。

(三)公益性项目不结转成本

城投公司按照政府要求从事区域性的基础设施建设、保障房和土地开发等公益性项目的投融资建设,前期政府注入一定比例的资本金,后续大部分建设资金为城投公司融资获得。在项目建设的过程中,城投公司一般将成本计入“存货”科目(部分城投公司也会将建设成本计入“在建工程”科目,比例相对较小),地方政府会按照项目进度分年度或者于项目竣工后统一结算,在确认收入的同时将“存货”中的成本进行结转。项目建设周期短则几个月,长则若干年。

(四)交叉持股增加少数股东权益

交叉持股是指公司与其他公司之间通过相互投资,持有对方一定比例的股份,相互成为对方股东,进而形成的一种相互支持、相互抑制的公司联合形式,该股权持有方式在一定程度上能够起到稳定公司股权结构、防止恶意并购,提高协同效应、降低成本等作用。我国法律法规对于交叉持股的限制较少,对于非上市公司之间存在的交叉持股情况,只要不存在如涉嫌虚假出资或抽逃出资等法律瑕疵,则认定为是合法的投资关系。但是,交叉持股确实存在一些问题,典型如:导致虚增资本(即同一笔资金在两个公司之间来回流动,每流动一次就会导致两个企业的资本增加,但实际上两个企业的有效资本并没有增加)、股权结构不清晰、诱发内幕交易和关联交易、易作为操纵股价的工具等。

城投增厚权益行为中的风险识别

为限制城投资产“注水”和过度“包装”的情况,注入储备地及公益性资产的行为已被充分限制,除了传统的注资方式外,如上文分析中债资信发现城投公司存在一些新型增厚权益的模式,甚至存在一些政策“擦边球”的行为。权益增厚对于城投公司来说固然是好事,可以增强资产实力、降低债务负担,但是在分析该行为时仍然需透过现象看本质,注意注入资产的质量和注资模式风险。

进元财富认为注入砂石资源为最优的方式,其次变相向城投企业注入土地资产的返还土地出让金的模式,接下来为公益性项目不回购,最后是交叉持股,其可能并无实际有效资产形成。当出现城投权益增厚行为时,不能单纯认为其可以增加资产规模、降低负债率,对于城投公司是绝对的利好。更加需要透过现象看本质,通过注入资产质量及注资模式的分析来识别其中存在的风险要素,全面把握信用风险。

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