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信托和定融通常看到的保证担保他们的意义是什么?-进元财富
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信托和定融通常看到的保证担保他们的意义是什么?
时间:2020-08-28

【保证担保的定义】所谓保证,是指保证人和债权人约定,当债务人不履行债务时,保证人按照约定履行债务或者承担责任的行为。

保证的优势在于:第一,设立简单,签订合同即可;第二,保证责任及于保证人的全部财产;第三,行使方便,可要求保证人直接承担保证责任。

保证的不足之处在于:第一,债权人对保证人的财产不享优先受偿权利;第二,保证人可能同时为多个债权人提供保证担保,而各个债权人之间地位平等;第三,保证人的财产可随时变化,并可能丧失代偿能力。

【保证担保的要点】

在分析保证担保时要注意以下风险点:

1、保证人的主体资格

关于保证人的主体资格,《担保法》并未作特别的限制,根据《担保法》的规定,“具有代为清偿债务能力的法人,其他组织或者公民,可以作为保证人。”我们需要重点关注一些不能做保证人或做保证人受限的主体,包括以下几种:

1)未经国务院批准的国家机关;

2)以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团体、幼儿园。包括学校、幼儿园、医院、广播电台、电视台等;

3)企业法人的职能部门;

4)未经书面授权的企业法人的分支机构,分支机构对外提供担保必须有总公司的授权,且在授权范围内提供担保。

2、分析保证人的代偿能力

保证人作为第二还款来源,具有代偿能力是最基本的要求,我们要调查和了解保证人的资产状况、负债情况、收入和开支情况等,要分析保证人的资产是否容易变现。还要核实保证人的实际情况。

第一,核实担保人的可担保额度。应根据计算公式,核算出担保人的可担保额度。要求可担保额度要高于授信敞口。

第二,核实担保人的股东背景。民企、国企、平台的差异较大。举例说明,一般情况下,政府融资平台、国有企业、上市公司的财务报表相对真实,中小型民营企业的财务报表存在一定水分。

第三,核实担保人的担保能力。我们需要深入核实担保人所属行业、行业地位、产品优势、市场优势、盈利水平等情况,甚至债券市场再融资、他行再融资等融资渠道情况,综合考量。

3、保证人对借款人的“制约”能力

设置保证人可提高借款人的违约成本,当借款人无法按时偿还借款时,保证人作为第二还款来源需代为偿还借款本息,保证人之所以愿意为借款人提供担保,其往往与借款人之间存在“关系”,除商业性的担保公司外,借款人的保证人主要是其亲友、上下游客户、其他社会关系等利益相关者。通过这些“关系”可以对借款人形成制约,有效提高借款人的还款意愿。

4、保证担保的方式

保证分为一般保证和连带责任保证两种方式。担保法中对一般保证做出了明确约定,一般保证是指当事人在保证合同中约定,债务人不能履行债务时,由保证人承担保证责任的,为一般保证。一般保证人享有先诉抗辩权,所谓先诉抗辩权,是指一般保证的保证人在主合同纠纷未经审判或者仲裁,并就债务人财产依法强制执行仍不能履行债务前,对债权人可以拒绝承担保证责任。连带责任保证的债务人在主合同规定的债务履行期届满没有履行债务的,债权人可以要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。

【举个例子】

 

AC贷款,B为其做保证担保。如果还款期到了:

情况1:BA做一般保证担保,那么要经审判、仲裁、并就A财产依法强制执行仍不能履行债务前,C有权要求B承担责任;

情况2:BA做连带责任担保,C可以不通过审判,仲裁,强制执行这些手段,直接要求B承担责任。

若并未约定是承担一般保证还是连带保证,那么B一般要承担连带保证责任。

进元财富做出总结

保证担保的核心在两点,一是保证本身的效力问题,二是保证的实质担保力问题。在合法有效的基础上,确保保证人的担保能力,才能够保证最终的本息安全。投资者要根据信托产品中尽职调查报告的信息,结合实际情况进行分析,得出是否投资的结论。

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