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国务院:督促地方统筹化解隐性债务!
城投债 时间:2023-07-30

       近日,财政部网站上刊发了《国务院关于2022年中央决算的报告》(以下简称《报告》),其中关于加强地方政府债务管理、防范化解地方政府债务风险的表述值得关注。《报告》称,将督促地方统筹各类资源,稳妥化解存量隐性债务。近期市场上也浮现着新一轮地方债发行以置换隐债的预期,机构测算,置换发行理论上限2.59万亿元。理论发行规模上限非实际上限,限额经“回收再分配”后,过往发行再融资债较多、债务负担较重的区域更有可能获得支持。


       督促地方统筹化解隐性债务


       《报告》为财政部部长刘昆受国务院委托,于6月26日在第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三次会议上对2022年中央决算报告和中央决算草案的提请审查。


       《报告》称,将地方政府法定债务管理全面纳入预算管理一体化范围,指导地方做好专项债券项目储备,建立专项债券支出进度通报预警制度,对专项债券项目实施穿透式监测。加强部门间信息共享和协同监管,保持高压监管态势,严肃查处违法违规举债融资行为,坚决遏制隐性债务增量。督促地方落实主体责任,统筹各类化债资源,增强市县偿债能力,逐步化解隐性债务存量。严控高风险地区新增地方政府债券规模,防止风险持续累积。支持北京、上海、广东等地区做好全域无隐性债务试点工作,探索长效监管制度框架。加大曝光力度,分批通报16起隐性债务问责典型案例,发挥警示、震慑作用。


       更进一步,《报告》称要压实地方和部门责任,建立健全防范化解地方政府隐性债务风险长效机制。督促省级政府加大对市县工作力度,立足自身努力,统筹资金资产资源和各类政策措施稳妥化解隐性债务存量,逐步降低风险水平。督促地方强化预算约束和政府投资项目管理,充分开展财政承受能力评估,量力而行开展项目建设,严禁建设形象工程、政绩工程以及脱离当地财力可能的项目。对新增、少报漏报隐性债务和化债不实等问题及时查处、追责问责。


       今年,也有部分地方政府表示要做好隐债化解试点。据湖南省政府网,6月27日湖南省省长毛伟明主持召开专题会议,回顾总结打好“发展六仗”工作成效,部署下一阶段工作。毛伟明指出,防范化解风险阻击仗要抢抓中央新一轮隐性债务化解试点契机,确保不发生系统性区域性风险。年初,贵州省预算报告提出,争取高风险建制市县降低债务风险试点等政策支持,通过发行政府债券置换隐性债务,优化地方债务结构,降低债务成本。青海省预算报告提出,积极争取县级化债试点,多渠道、多手段盘活资金资产,重点化解“非标”债务风险,全力完成年度隐性债务化解任务。


       史上三轮置换,新一轮隐债置换存可能性


       对于隐债化解,不得不提的便是通过发行再融资地方政府债置换隐性债务。利用低息、长期的地方政府债券去置换高息、短期的隐形债务,可以达到降低地方政府的存量债务成本,优化债务期限结构的目的。


       历史上,共发生过三轮地方政府债务置换。华福固收首席李清荷梳理,第一轮为2015年至2018年,利用“置换债”置换“非政府债券方式举借债务”。此次期间,全国各地政府共发行了12.24万亿元置换债,既定置换存量目标大概完成了86%。江苏、贵州、辽宁、浙江、山东等省政府债置换规模较高,均超过7000亿元。第二轮为2019年,通过“置换债”开展建制县隐性债务化解试点。当年湖南、贵州、云南、辽宁、内蒙古、甘肃6个省份的部分建制县纳入试点,建制县发行了1429.24亿元置换债来化解隐债。第三轮为2020年12月至2022年6月,利用“特殊再融资债”置换隐债。2020年底,再融资债券的资金用途从此前的“偿还到期政府债券”变成了“偿还政府存量债务”,“特殊再融资债”也成为了本轮置换隐债的重要地方债品种,全国累计有28个省份共计发行了1.12万亿元。自2022年6月之后再无一笔特殊再融资债发行。


       鉴于自上而下的密集发声,市场对新一轮地方债试点置换隐性债务有了期待。李清荷认为,2023年各省市在继续沿用2022年各类化债举措的同时,或将重启“特殊再融资债”,开展新一轮隐债置换工作,优化地方政府债务结构。对于城投平台来讲,城投平台可以通过债务置换,有效降低融资成本,减轻债务压力,同时有助于重铸区域市场信心。中泰固收分析师肖雨认为,利用现有的地方债务限额空间发行新一轮特殊再融资债,受预算程序的约束较小。在国务院和财政部确认分配额度的情况下,各省市自行调整预算安排,甚至可能采取简易程序,即“先发行备案、后履行法定审批程序”的方式。


       置换发行理论上限2.59万亿元,限额存“回收再分配”


       根据财政部统计,2022年地方债限额-余额空间约为2.59万亿元,其中一般债空间为1.44 万亿元,专项债空间为1.15万亿元。肖雨指出,新一轮地方债置换发行规模理论上限即为2.59万亿元,但理论上限不太可能全部使用。地方债置换只是化解债务风险的手段之一,主要目的在于帮助弱资质地区调整债务结构,缓释尾部债务风险。


       各省市之间存在限额“回收再分配”的机制。民生固收首席谭逸鸣认为,被“收回”区域往往是限额-余额空间较充裕的区域(如上海、北京、河南、广东等),被“再分配”区域往往是限额-余额空间较窄的区域。被“再分配”区域过往发行置换隐债的再融资债亦较多,或与区域本身债务率偏高,政策倾向性支持有关。


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