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如何挑选信托产品?
信托产品 时间:2023-04-09

       说到如何选择信托产品,就不得不说信托产品的主要类型,以及每个类型的风险点,信托产品主要分为四大类:工商企业流贷、房地产、政信类、资金池。


       一、工商企业流贷类流贷类是最早出现系统性风险的一种信托业务类型,2018年前后,多家信托公司爆出流贷类项目延期,流贷类信托产品最先暴雷的主要原因在于企业经营本身存在巨大风险:政策风险、市场风险、资金风险等。我国集团企业的平均寿命为7-8年,中小企业平均寿命为2.5年,加了杠杆的企业所面临的经营风险会更高,所以流贷类信托计划的底层资产本身就存在诸多不确定性和风险因素,再加上人为风险。比如中江信托当时给大连机床做融资,大连机床用假的比亚迪应收账款给信托公司做质押。例如此类材料造假、财务造假的案例太多了,信托公司根本尽调不出来,不可抗力的经营风险加上人为造假风险,使得流贷类信托产品早早的退出了信托业务范畴。当然,还有一些信托公司目前仍然在做流贷类业务,毕竟信托报酬给的高,但是基本也都变成了坏账,信托公司已经被融资方绑架,不得不继续续贷。


       二、资金池类目前为止,资金池类在整个行业没有出现过系统性风险,但是在一些信托公司是全盘暴雷。比如安信信托、四川信托、民生信托、华信信托、雪松信托等,都是资金池暴雷。有没有发现一个共同点,就是资金池暴雷的信托公司清一色的都是民营信托公司。这就反映出了资金池信托产品最大风险点:道德风险。民营信托公司经营风格更为激进,综合实力弱,且追求绝对利润,种种因素叠加,必定会加大风险爆发概率。在这里给投资人提个醒,某大型信托公司的资金池亏空比较严重,相关监管已经入驻该信托公司。基本每家信托公司都有资金池类业务,长期资金池类产品不建议,可以当做一个短期或者是活期的理财工具。


       三、房地产类地产类也发生了整个行业的系统性风险,但凡是前几年,有做过地产业务的信托公司,大部分都有延期的地产信托产品。房地产暴雷主要是因为政策风险和杠杆风险。从2020年开始,金融机构限制和降低了房地产行业的授信额度,相当于直接掐住了房地产的喉咙。因为地产行业是高负债行业,经营资金主要来源于贷款和发债。一旦限制贷款和发债额度,现金流分分钟枯竭,立马就会爆发流动性风险,从而在金融机构和债券市场违约,紧接着就是从单个项目违约到全部项目违约的连锁反应,所以地产行业暴雷一定是系统性的。


       四、政信类目前为止,只有政信类信托产品没有在某家信托公司,也没有在整个行业发生过系统性风险。极个别区域,极个别信托公司出现了产品延期。但不可否认的是,政信类信托产品是信托所有产品类型中安全度最高的一种。未来会不会有政信类信托延期,在极个别区域是一定会有的,但是不会发生系统性的风险。因为政信类信托产生的债权关系,不仅仅是债权偿还的问题,是关乎政府信用和民生稳定的问题,是关乎社保基金和养老基金的问题。所以政信类信托产品不会也不能发生系统性风险,但是局部风险是存在的。


       五、标债类政信类产品中有一个类型:标债政信信托计划。这个类型可以说是目前整个市场中,安全级别最高的理财产品。标债政信信托的底层资产是城投公司在公开市场的发债,首先目前为止所有城投的发债是100%兑付记录。难如贵州,非标政信信托都延期好几轮了,但是依然保证着标债的刚兑,近期甘肃、贵州、河南、重庆、广西等多个省份出台文件,优先保证公开市场债券兑付。建议投资人,有标债信托,先做标债信托,但是也要做好净值化的心理准备,由于监管原因,未来政信类信托产品会逐步转变成多标、净值化,单标政信可能会越来越少。


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